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The state of Texas appears likely to add an African American studies course to its expanding ethnic studies curriculum. A high school class that highlights Mexican American culture was approved a little over a year ago, the .

The African American studies course, as developed by educators, starts with African civilizations prior to 1619, rather than the arrival of African slaves in America, according to the �����DzԾ�������.��

“You cannot look at African Americans solely as being enslaved,” University of Texas at Austin history professor Daina Berry told a state board, according to the Chronicle. “They were living in communities that were just as sophisticated as the communities that we see in Europe. But all of these aspects are often ignored in contemporary media and textbooks.”

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California, meanwhile, continues to that is being revamped after it was criticized as anti-Semitic, among other problems. The state’s board of education could vote on a revised version, which will become a high school graduation requirement, in 2020, according to The Sacramento Bee. 

Some felt the original curriculum was too critical of Israel and took a biased approach to the the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. More recently, both supporters and opponents of the proposal have agreed the new curriculum should cover issues of anti-Semitism while not removing Arab-American studies or Palestinian history, The Sacramento Bee reported.

California’s ordeal highlights many of the challenges states encounter when trying to implement ethnic studies, District 91��Ƭistration reported in October. Along with navigating the debates about designing lessons, district leaders also must find additional funding and add professional development.

“Ethnic studies is not just about children of color; it’s about improving all students’ understanding of the cultures that they interact with in their local communities,” Harry Lawson, director of the National Education Association’s , told 91��Ƭ.

“Ethnic studies is a center point for a lot of the goals that we have for public education,” Lawson said. “It isn’t only about academics; it’s about social and emotional learning, interaction, and being culturally competent, and recognizing and celebrating diversity.” 

So far, Vermont and Oregon are the only states to require ethnic studies classes.

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In the absence of a state-mandated curriculum, administrators and teachers can revise their book lists to include more writers of color. Organizations such as and the offer full lessons.

This time of year, district leaders may also grapple with how to recognize fall and winter holidays.

������ǴDZ�������������acknowledge Christmas, but teachers must give equal attention to the customs of other religious and ethnic groups, as well as to the beliefs of atheists, David Barkey, national religious freedom counsel at the , told 91��Ƭ this fall.

“You could have an assembly with ‘Frosty the Snowman’ and ‘Jingle Bells’ and other Christmas songs,” Barkey said. “It’s constitutional, but very exclusionary for kids who don’t celebrate Christmas.”

Indeed, the holiday season presents an opportunity to teach students about different belief systems, Benjamin Marcus, a religious literacy specialist at the  of the Freedom Forum Institute, told 91��Ƭ.

“What’s critical is that those holidays are not used as an excuse to proselytize,” Marcus said. “No student should be made to feel that they are not a full member of the academic community because they don’t celebrate those holidays.”

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